ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The use of neuraxial anesthesia in cardiac surgery is recent, but the hemodynamic effects of local anesthetics and anticoagulation can result in risk to patients. OBJECTIVE: To review the benefits of neuraxial anesthesia in cardiac surgery for CABG through a systematic review of systematic reviews. CONTENT: The search was performed in Pubmed (January 1966 to December 2012), Embase (1974 to December 2012), The Cochrane Library (volume 10, 2012) and Lilacs (1982 to December 2012) databases, in search of articles of systematic reviews. The following variables: mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, in-hospital length of stay, arrhythmias and epidural hematoma were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The use of neuraxial anesthesia in cardiac surgery remains controversial. The greatest benefit found by this review was the possibility of reducing postoperative arrhythmias, but this result was contradictory among the identified findings. The results of findings regarding mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke and in-hospital length of stay did not show greater efficacy of neuraxial anesthesia.
RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O uso da anestesia neuroaxial em cirurgia cardíaca é recente, porém os efeitos hemodinâmicos dos anestésicos locais e a anticoagulação podem trazer riscos aos pacientes. OBJETIVO: Revisar os benefícios da anestesia neuroaxial em cirurgia cardíaca para revascularização miocárdica por meio de uma revisão sistemática de revisões sistemáticas. CONTEÚDO: Foi feita pesquisa nas bases de dados Pubmed (de janeiro de 1966 a dezembro de 2012), Embase (1974 a dezembro 2012), The Cochrane Library (volume 10, 2012) e Lilacs (1982 a dezembro de 2012) em busca de artigos de revisões sistemáticas. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: mortalidade, infarto do miocárdio, acidente vascular cerebral, tempo de internação hospitalar, arritmias e hematoma peridural. CONCLUSÕES: O uso da anestesia neuroaxial para revascularização miocárdica permanece controverso. O maior benefício encontrado por meio desta revisão foi a possibilidade de redução das arritmias pós-operatórias, porém esse resultado foi contraditório entre as evidências identificadas. Os resultados das evidências encontradas referentes à mortalidade, ao infarto do miocárdio, ao acidente vascular cerebral e ao tempo de internação hospitalar não mostraram maior efetividade da anestesia neuroaxial.
Subject(s)
Humans , Postoperative Complications/prevention & control , Coronary Artery Bypass , Anesthesia, Epidural/methods , Anesthesia, General/methods , Anesthesia, Spinal/methods , Anesthetics, CombinedABSTRACT
Introducción: la toracotomía es una de las incisiones quirúrgicas más dolorosas. La exposición quirúrgica de la cavidad torácica causa daño a múltiples estructuras nociceptivas en la pared del tórax y las vísceras cardiopulmonares. Existe una alta incidencia de dolor posoperatorio agudo y crónico que puede retardar la recuperación y causa la invalidez a largo plazo. La prevención y tratamiento del dolor después de la toracotomía es un desafío que puede requerir una variedad de intervenciones y es de vital importancia para minimizar las complicaciones pulmonares. Objetivo: exponer las estrategias para la prevención y tratamiento de este tipo de dolor. Métodos: revisión exhaustiva de la literatura disponible en cuanto a las estrategias basadas en evidencias para la prevención y tratamiento del dolor post-toracotomía. Resultados: el tratamiento subóptimo del dolor después de la toracotomía tiene consecuencias importantes, en especial en los pacientes con limitada reserva pulmonar siendo la más frecuente e importante la disfunción pulmonar. Se exponen los principios generales del tratamiento del dolor post-toracotomía y se abordan las técnicas actuales para su control. Conclusiones: la analgesia epidural torácica es actualmente el estándar para la analgesia tras la cirugía de tórax y en ausencia de contraindicaciones todos los pacientes programados para la cirugía torácica deben tener colocado un catéter epidural torácico preoperatorio.
Background: thoracotomy is one of the most painful surgical incisions. The surgical exposure of the thoracic cavity causes damage to multiple structures in the nociceptive chest wall and cardiopulmonary viscera. There is a high incidence of chronic and acute postoperative pain that can delay the recovery and cause long-term disability. The prevention and treatment of post-thoracotomy pain is a challenge that may require a variety of surgeries and is of vital importance to minimize pulmonary complications. Objective: to show strategies for the prevention and treatment of this type of pain. Methods: a detailed review of the available literature in relation to evidence-based strategies for the prevention and treatment of post-thoracotomy pain was made. Results: the suboptimal treatment of post-thoracotomy pain has important implications, especially in patients with limited pulmonary reserve, being pulmonary dysfunction the most frequent and important one. The general principles for the treatment of post-thoracotomy pain and current techniques to deal with its control are shown. Conclusions: thoracic epidural analgesia is currently the standard analgesia after a thoracic surgery and in the absence of contraindications, all patients scheduled for this type of surgery should have been placed a preoperative thoracic epidural catheter.